What is Knowledge? : Types of Knowledge

Md. Ashikuzzaman September 24, 2018

Updated September 15, 2025

Knowledge, in both philosophy and everyday understanding, is a concept that lies at the heart of human thought, learning, and interaction. In philosophy, knowledge is often defined as “justified true belief,” a framework proposed by Plato, which suggests that for something to be considered knowledge, it must be true, believed, and supported by good reasons or evidence. For example, if someone believes the Earth revolves around the Sun and this belief is backed by scientific evidence, it can be considered knowledge. Philosophers continue to debate the nature, limits, and sources of knowledge, raising questions such as how we know what we know and whether absolute certainty is possible.

In everyday life, however, knowledge is understood more practically; it refers to the information, skills, and awareness that people gain through experience, study, or practice. For instance, knowing how to ride a bicycle, understanding how to prepare a meal, or remembering the capital city of a country are all examples of knowledge we rely on daily. Similarly, recognizing a familiar face in a crowd or recalling an important historical date also reflects how knowledge supports routine human activities. While philosophy seeks to analyze knowledge at a deeper, abstract level, ordinary understanding emphasizes its practical value in helping us navigate the world. Together, these perspectives show that knowledge is not only a theoretical subject of inquiry but also a vital tool for everyday decision-making, problem-solving, and personal growth.

What is Knowledge?

Knowledge is a multifaceted concept that plays a central role in both philosophical thought and everyday human life. At its core, knowledge can be described as the result of acquiring, processing, and internalizing information in a way that allows for understanding and meaningful application. Unlike raw information, which may simply represent isolated facts or data points, knowledge is structured, connected, and contextualized. For instance, reading a list of dates is information, but knowing how those dates fit into the broader history of a nation reflects knowledge. This distinction shows that knowledge requires not only access to facts but also the ability to interpret, evaluate, and use them effectively.

Philosophically, knowledge has been examined since ancient times. Plato defined it as “justified true belief,” meaning that for a belief to be considered knowledge, it must be true, one must believe it, and there must be sufficient justification for holding that belief. For example, believing that the Earth revolves around the Sun qualifies as knowledge because it is true, widely accepted, and supported by scientific evidence. Yet, philosophers also highlight the challenges of this definition, especially when it comes to subjective experiences or uncertain truths. This has led to continued debates about whether absolute certainty in knowledge is possible, or whether knowledge is always provisional and open to revision as new evidence emerges.

In everyday life, knowledge takes on a more practical dimension. It can be explicit, such as knowing that Paris is the capital of France, or tacit, such as the skill of swimming or riding a bicycle, which are difficult to explain but evident in practice. Knowledge can also be divided into theoretical knowledge, which provides principles and explanations, and practical knowledge, which is applied in solving problems or performing tasks. For example, an engineer may have theoretical knowledge of physics and mathematics, while also applying practical knowledge when designing a bridge.

Knowledge is also dynamic and ever-evolving. What people once believed to be true, such as the Earth being flat, was later replaced by more accurate knowledge as human understanding developed. This shows that knowledge is not static but is shaped by continuous inquiry, experience, and discovery. In today’s world, knowledge also has a strong social dimension, as it is shared, preserved, and transmitted through institutions like schools, libraries, and digital platforms. For instance, libraries serve as knowledge hubs where resources are organized and made accessible to help individuals and communities grow intellectually.

How Do Different Disciplines Define Knowledge?

Knowledge is a universal concept, yet its definition varies across disciplines depending on how it is studied, applied, and valued. Philosophy, education, library science, and information science each approach knowledge from unique perspectives, highlighting its complexity and richness. By examining these viewpoints, we can see how knowledge is both a shared human pursuit and a discipline-specific construct that guides practice and theory.

Knowledge in Philosophy: In philosophy, knowledge is traditionally defined as “justified true belief,” a concept introduced by Plato. According to this view, for a belief to qualify as knowledge, it must be true, believed by an individual, and supported by justification or evidence. Philosophers explore questions such as: What can we know? How do we know it? And what are the limits of human understanding? This branch of inquiry, known as epistemology, treats knowledge as an abstract concept, analyzing its nature, sources, and validity. For example, debates about whether knowledge must be absolutely certain or whether it can be probabilistic continue to shape modern philosophy. Philosophy thus sees knowledge not only as a set of facts but as a deeply examined concept that must be logically and critically supported.
Knowledge in Education: In education, knowledge is viewed as the foundation of teaching and learning. It is defined not just as the accumulation of facts but as the meaningful understanding that enables learners to think critically, solve problems, and apply concepts in practical situations. Educators often distinguish between different types of knowledge: declarative (knowing “what”), procedural (knowing “how”), and conditional (knowing “when and why”). For instance, a student who knows the formula for solving quadratic equations has declarative knowledge, but being able to apply it in a word problem demonstrates procedural and conditional knowledge. In education, knowledge is dynamic, constructed through interaction between learners, teachers, and environments, emphasizing growth, adaptability, and lifelong learning.
Knowledge in Library Science: In library science, knowledge is closely linked to the organization, preservation, and accessibility of recorded information. Librarians view knowledge as a structured body of information that must be organized in ways that make it discoverable and useful for diverse users. For example, cataloging systems like the Library of Congress Classification or Dewey Decimal Classification are designed to arrange resources systematically so that knowledge can be efficiently retrieved. Libraries also emphasize knowledge as a collective resource that supports education, research, and cultural preservation. In this sense, library science defines knowledge not only as individual understanding but also as shared content that communities rely on for growth and development.
Knowledge in Information Science: Information science takes a broader, interdisciplinary perspective on knowledge, treating it as processed information that has been contextualized, understood, and made meaningful. It distinguishes between raw data, information, and knowledge, highlighting the transformation that occurs when information is interpreted and applied. In this field, knowledge is often seen as both explicit (easily documented and shared, like reports and databases) and tacit (intuitive or experiential, like skills and insights). For example, an organization’s knowledge management system may store explicit knowledge in digital repositories while also promoting tacit knowledge exchange through collaboration and communication. Information science focuses on how knowledge is created, stored, retrieved, and applied in both human and technological systems, making it central to the digital age.

Different disciplines define knowledge in ways that reflect their unique priorities and methods of inquiry. Philosophy treats knowledge as a matter of truth, belief, and justification; education views it as a tool for learning and application; library science focuses on organizing and preserving it for accessibility; and information science examines how knowledge emerges from information and functions within human and digital systems. Together, these perspectives demonstrate that knowledge is not a static or uniform concept but a dynamic, multifaceted construct that shapes human thought, learning, and progress. Recognizing these disciplinary definitions enriches our understanding of knowledge and highlights its vital role across all areas of life.

How is Knowledge Different from Information and Wisdom?

Information, knowledge, and wisdom are closely related but fundamentally different in scope and depth. Information represents the most basic level of understanding and consists of raw facts, figures, or data that exist without interpretation. It is descriptive in nature and does not carry inherent meaning until it is processed or analyzed. For example, a thermometer reading of 35°C or a list of dates from a history book is information. On its own, it tells us something specific but does not explain why it matters or how it can be used. In this way, information serves as the building blocks upon which knowledge is developed.

Knowledge emerges when information is organized, analyzed, and placed into context, giving it structure and meaning. It involves not only having access to facts but also understanding how those facts are connected and how they can be applied in real-life situations. For instance, knowing that 35°C is considered very hot weather, realizing that it can cause dehydration, and applying that understanding by drinking more water reflects knowledge. Knowledge can be explicit, such as documented theories and instructions that are easy to share, or tacit, such as skills and experiences that are harder to articulate, like playing an instrument or swimming. This dimension of knowledge makes it more useful than raw information, as it allows people to solve problems, make decisions, and adapt to new situations.

Wisdom, on the other hand, represents the highest level of insight. It goes beyond both information and knowledge by involving judgment, experience, and ethical reflection. Wisdom is the ability to apply knowledge thoughtfully and responsibly in ways that benefit both individuals and society. It requires considering long-term consequences, weighing alternatives, and incorporating compassion and values into decision-making. For example, while knowledge tells us that heat can cause dehydration, wisdom is demonstrated when someone develops a program to provide clean drinking water to vulnerable populations during a heatwave. Wisdom is not only about making correct choices but also about making just and beneficial ones, often shaped by maturity, reflection, and life experience.

Together, information, knowledge, and wisdom form a hierarchy often described in the Information–Knowledge–Wisdom (IKW) model. Information provides the raw material, knowledge transforms it into understanding, and wisdom applies that understanding with judgment and foresight. A clear example can be seen in healthcare: a blood test result is information, a doctor’s interpretation of the result as an indicator of illness is knowledge, and the doctor’s decision to design a patient-centered treatment plan reflects wisdom. This progression shows how human thought moves from simple awareness to deeper understanding and ultimately to meaningful, ethical action.

Knowledge Acquisition Process

The process of acquiring knowledge is central to human learning, growth, and adaptation. Knowledge does not emerge instantly; it develops gradually through interaction with the environment, engagement with experiences, and continuous interpretation of information. This process is multifaceted, moving from collecting raw data to internalizing and applying it meaningfully. By understanding how knowledge is acquired, we can gain insight into the mechanisms of human development, education, and innovation.

Gathering Information: The first stage of knowledge acquisition begins with collecting information from a wide range of sources. Individuals encounter information through reading books, observing their surroundings, listening to others, or engaging with digital media. For example, a student learning about climate change may gather information from textbooks, scientific reports, documentaries, and classroom lectures. At this stage, the learner accumulates facts and data, such as statistics on rising temperatures or reports on melting ice caps. While these facts alone may not constitute knowledge, they provide the raw material upon which knowledge can be built.
Processing and Understanding: Once information is collected, it must be processed and organized to transform into knowledge. Processing involves analyzing, interpreting, and connecting new information with existing understanding. For instance, when the student studying climate change connects the data on rising global temperatures with the observed melting of glaciers and rising sea levels, they develop a more coherent understanding of cause and effect. Another example can be seen in mathematics: a learner may memorize multiplication tables (information), but when they use them to solve real-world problems, such as calculating expenses in a shop, they begin to transform that information into usable knowledge.
Internalization Through Experience: True knowledge often develops when individuals apply what they have learned in practical or real-life contexts. Internalization means that the learner not only understands information but also integrates it into their skills and actions. For example, a medical student may learn theoretical knowledge about diagnosing diseases in a classroom setting, but it is only through clinical practice with patients that they gain the deeper, tacit knowledge necessary to make accurate and confident diagnoses. Similarly, someone may learn the rules of driving from a manual, but genuine knowledge of driving only develops through the hands-on experience of operating a car on the road. This stage highlights the importance of experiential learning in embedding knowledge more deeply.
Validation and Justification: Another essential part of the knowledge acquisition process is validating and justifying what has been learned. This stage ensures that the acquired knowledge is reliable, accurate, and trustworthy. Critical thinking plays a central role here. For example, a researcher investigating a new medical treatment must validate their findings through experiments, peer reviews, and reproducibility of results before it can be accepted as established knowledge. Likewise, a student reading online articles about history must cross-check facts with credible sources to avoid being misled by misinformation. This process of validation not only filters out errors but also strengthens confidence in knowledge by grounding it in evidence and reasoning.
Application and Sharing: The final stage of knowledge acquisition is applying and sharing what has been learned. Application demonstrates mastery because knowledge becomes meaningful only when it can be used to solve problems, make decisions, or improve life. For example, an engineer applying physics and mathematics to design a bridge, or a teacher using pedagogical theories to manage a classroom, illustrates knowledge in action. Sharing knowledge through teaching, writing, or collaboration ensures that it is preserved, passed on, and further developed. For instance, a scientist who publishes research findings not only applies knowledge but also contributes to the growth of collective human understanding.

The knowledge acquisition process is a dynamic journey that begins with gathering information and progresses through processing, internalization, validation, and application. At each stage, examples from daily life, professional practice, and academic study show how individuals move from raw data to meaningful understanding. Knowledge acquisition is not just a personal achievement but also a social activity, as knowledge grows when shared and tested within communities. Recognizing this process highlights the importance of critical thinking, experiential learning, and collaboration in ensuring that knowledge is both useful and enduring. Ultimately, the acquisition of knowledge empowers individuals to adapt, innovate, and contribute meaningfully to society.

Types of Knowledge.

Knowledge is a vast and intricate tapestry woven from various strands that collectively contribute to our understanding of the world. Categorizing knowledge is a nuanced endeavor, as it manifests in diverse forms, each serving a unique purpose in shaping our perceptions and informing our actions. One fundamental classification is explicit knowledge, codified and easily transferable through formalized channels such as books, manuals, and databases. This tangible information forms the backbone of educational systems and organizational structures, providing a solid foundation for learning and problem-solving. In contrast, tacit knowledge is more elusive, residing within individuals’ experiences, intuitions, and skills. Articulating and transferring existing knowledge acquired through practice and immersion is often challenging. Another dimension of knowledge arises from its temporal nature, distinguishing between explicit and tacit knowledge that is either static or dynamic. The dynamic nature of knowledge reflects its constant evolution, particularly in fields like science and technology, where discoveries reshape our understanding. Additionally, practical knowledge, often termed procedural or applied knowledge, emphasizes the hands-on skills and expertise required for tasks ranging from craftsmanship to professional domains. Understanding the varied types of knowledge is pivotal for academic pursuits and navigating the complexities of our ever-evolving world, acknowledging that synthesizing these diverse forms creates a rich mosaic of understanding.

Ikujiro Nonaka (1995)³ believes there are two types of Knowledge: explicit & Tacit knowledge.

Explicit Knowledge refers to formalized and codified knowledge that can be easily articulated, expressed, and shared. The knowledge can be written down, documented, or communicated in a tangible form. Explicit knowledge often takes the shape of facts, theories, procedures, guidelines, instructions, or best practices. This knowledge can be transferred from one person to another through various mediums such as books, manuals, databases, or digital platforms. Explicit knowledge is objective and structured and can be readily accessed and utilized by individuals or organizations for learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and innovation.
Tacit Knowledge: Tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge that is difficult to articulate, formalize, or transfer to others. It is deeply rooted in personal experiences, insights, intuition, and practical know-how that individuals acquire through years of practice and immersion in a particular domain. Tacit knowledge is often subconscious and automatic, making it challenging to express or codify explicitly. It is gained through observation, trial and error, and hands-on involvement. Tacit knowledge plays a crucial role in decision-making, problem-solving, and expertise development, as it encompasses the nuances, judgment, and contextual understanding that cannot be easily communicated or written down. It is typically shared through personal interactions, mentorship, apprenticeship, and experiential learning.

Components of Knowledge

Knowledge is one of the most fundamental aspects of human existence, shaping how individuals think, act, and interact with the world. It is not a simple collection of facts but a complex structure that involves various elements working together. Philosophers, educators, and information scientists have identified several components of knowledge that explain how it is formed, understood, and applied. These components not only define what counts as knowledge but also reveal its depth and diversity in human life.

Belief: Belief is the foundation upon which knowledge is built. For any claim to be considered knowledge, a person must first believe in it. Belief reflects the psychological acceptance or conviction that something is true. For example, if a student believes that gravity pulls objects toward the Earth, this belief forms the starting point of knowledge. However, belief on its own is not sufficient. People can believe in things that are incorrect, such as believing that the Earth is flat, yet these beliefs do not qualify as knowledge. This shows that belief is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for knowledge; it must be combined with truth and justification to gain credibility.
Truth: Truth is the second essential component of knowledge and ensures that what is believed corresponds with reality. Knowledge cannot be based on falsehoods, no matter how strongly they are believed. For instance, believing that the Sun revolves around the Earth was once widely held, but it was not true, and therefore it was not knowledge. In contrast, knowing that the Earth revolves around the Sun is knowledge because it reflects the actual state of reality. Truth serves as the anchor that grounds knowledge in facts and prevents it from becoming distorted by misinformation, biases, or misconceptions. Without truth, belief remains only an opinion or error rather than reliable knowledge.
Justification: Justification adds reliability to belief and truth by demanding reasons or evidence to support them. It prevents knowledge from being a mere coincidence and ensures that it has a solid foundation. For example, if someone claims that regular exercise improves physical health, justification may come from medical studies, expert opinions, or personal observation. Without justification, even true beliefs may be dismissed as guesswork. Imagine someone randomly guessing the answer to a complex math problem might be correct, but without justification, it cannot be considered knowledge. Justification emphasizes the importance of reasoning, critical thinking, and evidence in building knowledge that is credible and trustworthy.
Experience: Experience plays a crucial role in strengthening knowledge, especially in areas where practical skills are essential. It goes beyond theoretical learning and involves direct practice, observation, and participation. For example, reading about how to swim provides information, but only by getting into the water and practicing strokes does a person gain genuine swimming knowledge. Similarly, a medical student learns about treatments in textbooks but develops true medical knowledge through hands-on clinical practice. Experience transforms abstract information into internalized, applicable knowledge that can be used in real-life contexts. It is particularly important in developing tacit knowledge, which is difficult to articulate but essential in problem-solving and decision-making.
Understanding: Understanding deepens knowledge by connecting facts, concepts, and experiences into a meaningful whole. It is not enough to simply memorize information; true knowledge requires comprehension of how different pieces fit together. For example, a student might know the dates of historical events, but genuine understanding comes from recognizing how those events influenced each other and shaped societies. In science, understanding involves not only knowing the outcomes of experiments but also grasping the principles and laws behind them. Understanding allows individuals to analyze, interpret, and transfer knowledge to new situations, making it more versatile and valuable. It turns isolated information into a coherent structure that guides reasoning and judgment.
Application: Application represents the practical expression of knowledge, where beliefs, truths, justifications, experiences, and understanding come together in action. Knowledge has limited value if it cannot be applied to solve problems, innovate, or make decisions. For instance, a doctor applying medical knowledge to treat patients or an engineer using physics to design safe bridges demonstrates how knowledge becomes impactful when used in practice. Application also reinforces learning, as using knowledge in real-life situations helps refine and expand it. Moreover, applied knowledge contributes to societal development, as it leads to technological advancements, better education systems, and improved quality of life. This component highlights that knowledge is not static—it is dynamic and gains its true value when put into use.

The components of knowledge, belief, truth, justification, experience, understanding, and application work together to create a rich and reliable framework for human thought. Belief establishes personal acceptance, truth ensures alignment with reality, and justification provides evidence and reasoning. Experience and understanding deepen knowledge, while application gives it purpose and value. Recognizing these components allows us to appreciate knowledge not just as a set of facts but as a dynamic process that empowers individuals and societies to grow, adapt, and thrive.

What Are the Main Sources of Knowledge?

Knowledge does not arise in isolation; it develops from different sources that shape human understanding and guide everyday life as well as intellectual inquiry. Philosophers and scholars have long debated how people come to know what they know, identifying various sources of knowledge that influence both theoretical thought and practical action. Among the most widely recognized are perception, reason, intuition, and testimony. Each plays a unique role in the acquisition of knowledge, and together they form a comprehensive framework for how individuals and societies build understanding.

Perception: Knowledge Through the Senses
Perception is perhaps the most immediate and fundamental source of knowledge. It refers to the awareness individuals gain through their senses, sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. For instance, we know that fire is hot because we feel its heat, or that the sky is blue because we see its color. Perception anchors knowledge in direct experience, making it essential for survival and practical living. However, perception can also be limited or deceptive, as seen in optical illusions or when senses are impaired. Despite these challenges, perception remains the primary gateway through which humans engage with the external world.
Reason: Knowledge Through Rational Thought
Reason is another vital source of knowledge, emphasizing logical thinking and deduction. Unlike perception, which relies on sensory input, reason allows individuals to draw conclusions, analyze patterns, and establish relationships between ideas. For example, by reasoning, we can infer that if all humans are mortal and Socrates is a human, then Socrates must be mortal. Mathematics and philosophy rely heavily on reason as a source of certainty, often providing knowledge that does not depend directly on sensory experience. Reason helps transform scattered information into structured systems of thought, though it also requires discipline to avoid faulty logic or bias.
Intuition: Immediate Understanding
Intuition refers to the direct and immediate grasp of truth without conscious reasoning. It is often described as a “gut feeling” or an inner sense of certainty. For example, a musician may intuitively know how to shift melodies to create harmony, or a person might instinctively sense danger in a situation without analyzing details. Intuition plays a critical role in creativity, problem-solving, and decision-making, especially when time is limited or information is incomplete. Although sometimes criticized for being subjective, intuition complements reason and perception by offering insights that are not always accessible through deliberate analysis.
Testimony: Knowledge From Others
Testimony, or reliance on the words of others, is another important source of knowledge, especially in social and educational contexts. Much of what individuals know comes from teachers, books, media, and communication within communities. For example, most people know about historical events like World War II not because they experienced them directly but because of testimonies from historians, eyewitnesses, and documented accounts. Testimony allows knowledge to be shared, preserved, and expanded across generations. However, its reliability depends on the credibility of the source, making critical evaluation of testimony crucial in avoiding misinformation.
Other Complementary Sources: In addition to perception, reason, intuition, and testimony, some scholars also highlight memory and imagination as important sources of knowledge. Memory allows us to retain and build upon past experiences, while imagination helps us explore possibilities and create new ideas. Both expand the scope of human understanding, linking past experiences with future innovation.

The main sources of knowledge, perception, reason, intuition, and testimony each contribute to human understanding in distinct yet complementary ways. Perception grounds us in sensory experience, reason enables logical connections, intuition provides immediate insights, and testimony extends knowledge through communication and social exchange. Together with memory and imagination, these sources form a rich framework that allows individuals to grow intellectually, make decisions, and contribute to the progress of society. By recognizing the value and limitations of each, we gain a clearer perspective on how knowledge is formed, validated, and applied in both personal and collective life.

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